However, the microstructures fabricated using 3D printing is static. While we found the deformations could be applied and reversed repeatedly, the material degraded after a while, so we need to improve its long-term durability. Since the late 1980s, additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has been gradually popularized. But even so, this is just scratching the surface – in the future we aim to produce larger structures which can handle more complex transformations, as well as smaller, miniaturised models which can be used in the body. Its 4D printing, a term that is a bit of a misnomer because it still relies on 3D printers. This was a proof of concept for self-transforming materials, with an easy production process and an available suite of tools to customise and analyse the process. To define, describe, and forecast the 4D printing in healthcare market based on By Product, Technology, Application, End-user, and Region. As this area of research has grown exponentially, this review paper aims to define and establish fundamental concepts and terminologies used in the field of 4DP. Individually designed cardiac tubes are one good example. 4D printing (4DP) is a promising technology that enables additive manufactured parts to be programmed for actuation, reducing the need for external power or electromechanical systems. There are many more uses these could be put to if they can be manufactured to change shape and function without external intervention from a surgeon. There are also uses for pre-programmed self-deforming materials in healthcare – researchers are printing biocompatible components that can be implanted in the human body. Childcare products that can react to humidity or temperature, for example, or clothes and footwear that optimise their form and function by reacting to changes in the environment. We imagine there’s a wide range of applications such as home appliances and products that can adapt to heat or moisture to improve comfort or add functionality.
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